Depression is one of the most common yet misunderstood mental health conditions. It affects how you think, feel, and function in daily life — far beyond occasional sadness or stress. Symptoms can include persistent low mood, loss of interest, changes in sleep or appetite, fatigue, irritability, difficulty concentrating, and feelings of hopelessness. For some, depression also shows up as physical pain, anxiety, or social withdrawal.

Understanding depression is the first step toward getting effective help. Its causes come from a combination of biological factors, life stressors, and environmental influences. With the right support — therapy, medication when appropriate, lifestyle changes, and a strong support system — most people do improve.

If you or someone you love is struggling, you’re not alone. Depression is highly treatable, and reaching out early can make a significant difference.

Understanding the differences between mental health providers can help you determine who to see:

• Psychiatric-Mental Health Nurse Practitioners (PMHNP): Can prescribe medications and offer therapy for mental health conditions.

• Psychiatrists (MD/DO): Medical doctors who diagnose conditions and prescribe medications.

• Psychologists (PhD/PsyD): Provide talk therapy and psychological testing but do not prescribe medication.

A comprehensive guide to understanding depression, its subtypes, causes, and effective treatments. Learn actionable tips and resources to help manage depression and find hope.